A Home that I Can Point To Essay -- Personal Narrative Moving Essays

A Home that I Can Point To We be moving once again. The new place is barely slew the street, but we collect to move again. This is the fifth time in six years that I have moved from one apartment to another. Im glad we are finally moving out of the old apartment, because the guy below us constantly banged on his ceiling when I walked from one room to another. Its been awhile since I have had a place to call home, a place I can grow fond of. I have hope that one daylight we will live in a house and not have to worry about cranky neighbors or stairs to climb before I reach my front door. As I read the short piece from Sandra Cisneross, The House On Mango Street, I began to appreciate everything that I had in life. The stage is narrated through the thoughts and emotions of a young girl whose family lives in poverty and struggles to find a decent place to live. The message that Cisneros tries to convey to her readers is that those who have plenty in life must realize that there are people who struggle every day and work hard in order to survive, and they too have dreams and goals of one day living an adequate life. People who have such elaborate homes or even simple homes always want more(prenominal), never disposition the value of what they have. Once I read the story, I came to terms with what life is like for those who hardly have subject matter of getting water. I have gained more respect for those who struggle, but still make an effort to ameliorate their situation. From my experience, I can relate to her need for a solid ground, but when it comes to the difficulty of living in poverty, I can only learn to be grateful for what I have. The oldest home that I can remember is an apartment my mother, stepfather, and I lived in. The grammatical construction was ... ...the place I call home. As a child, one needs to make memories of their childhood and this girl loses that opportunity. In the girls case, she is unhappy with her home, and unappreciative of what her family provides for her. However, she is no contrary from any other person in society. We all desire more than what we can realistically acquire, and constantly expect better things in life. This is not a negative aspect of human nature it is simply a mechanism to strive us to do better in life. I knew then I had to have a real house. A real house. One I could point to. This attitude shows the reader that she has used the torment she has endured as a means of reinforcement on striving for a greater future. I hope that someday, my Dad and I can find a place to settle belt down in, but it will probably be awhile. Like the little girl would say, I know how those things go.

Comparing the Dance of Life in My Papa’s Waltz and Saturday Night Fev

Parallels of The Dance of Life in My Papas Waltz and Saturday Night Fever Throughout the ages, dance has played an important role in society. It symbolizes tradition, family, bonding, and entertainment. In almost every decade of the twentieth century, a different style of dance prevailed. In the 1970s, deception Travolta brought disco dancing into the spotlight with his portrayal of Tony Manero in Saturday Night Fever. Through his depiction of this character, John Travolta shows the monumental effects of dancing. Literature can also cunningly explore the effect of dance on people. Theodore Roethkes My Papas Waltz dramatizes a special and positive blink of an eye in a boys life. The authors word choice reflects the significance of this moment of bonding between a father and his son. Some critics have seen this boys memories as a recollection of a time of abuse. This poem does not reflect an exemplification of abuse, but rather a dance of life. In Saturday Night Fever, Tony and h is friends often drink before and after they dance. It is a part of their routine, but it does not aff...

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendenta

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of transcendental philosophyTranscendentalism was a movement in writing that took place in the mid-nineteenth century. It formed in the early to mid nineteenth century and reached it climax around 1850 during an era commonly referred to as the American Renaissance, Americas Golden Day, or the Flowering of New England.The basic tenets of Transcendentalism involve the relationships between ones self and the world at large. First, the search for truth in Transcendentalism begins with the individual. The thoughts of Transcendentalist writers must come from themselves and not from others. They could study previous works for inspiration, but they could not take the ideas of others. Transcendentalist writers have finish up self-reliance in their ideas. Transcendentalism called for literary, philosophical, and theological independence from Europe, earning the Transcendentalist era the label American Renaissance.Next, Transcendenta lism also relates to the rest of the world. It applies individual energies gained through self-reliance to the overall good of society. In Transcendentalism, there is no real evil. For every apparent evil there is a true goodness. Because evil is said not to exist, Transcendentalists intrust in the perfectibility of man.One well-known Transcendentalist author is Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in New England in 1803. He entered Harvard Divinity College where he trained to become a priest. However, he later withdrew from the ministry because he did not share the same ideals that were imposed on him by church authority. In 1832, Emerson sailed to Europe to flee the despair he felt up after the deaths of his wife and bro... ...using metaphors and rhythms according to his own style. Literature such as Ralph Waldo Emersons Nature and Henry David Thoreaus Walden reflect the tenets of Transcendentalism. They set the foundation for Transcendentalism because Em erson and Thoreau were the fathers of the literary movement. Both writers searched for truth and the meaning of life on an individual level that fit their feelings. They demonstrated the perfectibility and self-reliance of individuals. For example, Walden tells of Thoreaus two years of alive in the woods relying on himself for food and shelter and trying to simplify his life. He wanted to demonstrate that there was no evil in the ease of his forest home. Just as Thoreaus Walden demonstrated Thoreaus renewal or refreshing of his own spirit, Transcendentalism was the renewal or rebirth of American Literature.

Jazz historiography Essay -- American Culture, Music

The rapid development of get laid in both the United States and Europe generated a number of diverse musical expressions, including musics that most listeners forthwith would not recognize as jazz music. In order to remedy this situation, jazz musicians and critics after 1930 began to codify what real jazz encompassed, and more(prenominal) importantly, what real jazz did not encompass. This construction of authenticity, often demarcated along racial lines, served to relegate several artists and styles (those outside a mainstream to the margins of historiography. The issue of draw is central to all discourses of jazz. Alongside race goes the problem of representation, or, who gets to play what for whom and under what circumstance. Problems of representation abound from the beginning of jazz history, usually centered on white representation of black music and finishing from a negative vantage point. Iconic examples of this phenomenon include the 1917 release of Livery Stable Bl ues by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band and capital of Minnesota Whitemans 1924 Aeolian Hall concert. The ODJBs recording was the first jazz record and the first representation of jazz to the majority of Americans, both black and white. Whitemans concert was invested in representing jazz to white Americans, showing how it had progressed from its primitive black beginnings to a more sophisticated style rooted in the fundamentals of European practice. Indeed, ideas of creation and control in jazz have usually been drawn along racial lines black as creator, white as curator. In this sensory system of racial understanding in jazz, white jazz fans and musicians supposedly lack an essential something that makes them unable to innovate in jazz. Conversely, black musicians, while highly c... ... of which fresh jazz big band dance music (for example, the Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington and Count Basie Orchestras), bebop, and later Free Jazz- emerged. Modern jazz, and particularl y bebop, because of its hybrid nature has presented cultural critics, and especially critics of music, with a set of unresolvable issues. The music itself embodies contradiction. It can accurately be called both popular and high culture it has an oral, vernacular lineage and one related to more innovative compositional techniques it is Afro-American and European, romantic and revolutionary and it has both escapist (ie, Sun Ra and late-era John Coltrane) and resistant (ie. Archie Shepp, Ornette Coleman) tendencies. As a result, jazz has bring into being one of the most highly discusses and debated modern musical forms with controversial discourse surrounding its development.

George and Lennie in the First Three Chapters of Steinbecks Of Mice an

In chapter one, George and Lennie are introduced onto the scene and you get to know them a little bit and you get to see how they are link/ their relationship. When I read this first part, I could tell that George was pretty much Lennies caretaker and it was his concern to find Lennie a job and make sure he ate enough and stayed a live. He kind of resented having to drag Lennie around (pg 1112 Well we personalt got any George exploded. Whatever we aint got, you want. If I was alone I could live so easy But wadda I got? I got you. You cant keep a job and you loose me every job I get.), because Lennies a bit slow and he messes up a lot. He tries re solelyy hard to be good and listen to what George tells him to do, but in the end of every situation, Lennie forgets what George told him beforehand and some ms it creates a little trouble (pg 4546 Well, he seen this young woman in this red dress. Dumb like he is, he likes to touch everthing he likes. Just wants to feel it. So he reaches pop to feel this red dress an the girl lets out a squawk, and that gets Lennie all mixed up, and he holds on cause thats the only thing he can think to do. Well, this girl just squawks and squawks. I was jus a little bit off, and I heard all the yellin, so I comes running, an by that time Lennies so scared all he can think to do is jus hold on. I socked him over the head with a fence lookout station to make him let go. He was so scairt he couldnt let go of the dress. And hes so strong, you know Well, that girl rabbits in an tells the rectitude shes been raped. The guys in Weed start a party out to lynch Lennie. So we sit in an irrigation ditch under water all the rest of that day.). But when you look at them, you can tell that George is... ...e Lennie is scared and confused (and still dazzled by the farm memory), he doesnt correct try to protect himself. He just cries to George to make Curley stop. George just wants Lennie to stand up for himself, so he tel ls Lennie to get him. Lennie obeys George and, in the process, breaks every bone in Curleys hand. (pg 69 Curleys fist was swinging when Lennie reached for it. The next minute Curley was flopping like a fish on a line, and his closed fist was helpless in Lennies big handwe got to get him in to a doctor, he said. Looks to me like ever bone in his han is bust.) Slim threatens to make Curley the laugh stock of the town if he tells what really happened instead of saying that his hand got caught in a machine. I knew that somehow, somewhere in the storyline, Curley was gonna get into a grapple with Lennie and Lennie was gonna hurt Curley badly.

Robotics-Advancement or Setback? :: Technology Technological Robots Essays

Robotics-Advancement or policy change? When it affect outs to robots, reality still lags science fiction. But, just because robots have not lived up to their promise in the past decades does not mean that they will not go into sooner or later. Indeed, the confluence of several advanced technologies is bringing the age of robotics ever nearer-smaller,cheaper, more practical and cost-effective. This statement was taken from an article written by Jim Pinto titled, ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGY TRENDS.In order to better understand the age of Robotics and how they came about in the Manufacturing Industry, it is necessary to go back to the start of automation in industry.In 1907, Henry hybridisation announced his goal for the Ford Motor Compevery. His dream or goal was to build political machines that e real American could afford. At that time, automobiles were very expensive custom-made machines that only the rich could buy. Henry Ford knew that to make his dream come true that he would have to find a elan really lower the cost of making cars but still be able to make a profit.Ford took the first step toward this goal by designing the Model T. The Model T was a simple, tough car, offering no factory options- not even choice of people of color. Henry Ford told his team that the customer could have any color that they wanted- as long as that color was black The Model T was less expensive than around cars, but the majority of the people still could not afford to buy one.Ford know that he needed a more cost-effective expressive style to produce the car in order to lower the price enough to make it inexpensive for everyone. He and his team of experts looked at other Industries and found four principles that would make their goal of creating a less expensive car happen. These principles are as follows inter-changeable separate, unbroken flow, division of labor, and reducing wasted efforts.Using interchangeable parts meant making individual pieces of the car the same every time.At this time, each piece was hand-crafted-and no two pieces would be exactly the same. By using inter-changeable parts, any valve would fit any motor any steering wheel would fit any car body. That idea would be used for all of the car parts. This meant up(p) the machinery and cutting tools used to make the parts.To improve the flow of the work that needed to be through so that one task was finished, another one began, with light time spent in set-up.Robotics-Advancement or Setback? Technology Technological Robots EssaysRobotics-Advancement or Setback? When it comes to robots, reality still lags science fiction. But, just because robots have not lived up to their promise in the past decades does not mean that they will not arrive sooner or later. Indeed, the confluence of several advanced technologies is bringing the age of robotics ever nearer-smaller,cheaper, more practical and cost-effective. This statement was taken from an article writte n by Jim Pinto titled, ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGY TRENDS.In order to better understand the age of Robotics and how they came about in the Manufacturing Industry, it is necessary to go back to the start of automation in industry.In 1907, Henry Ford announced his goal for the Ford Motor Company. His dream or goal was to build cars that every American could afford. At that time, automobiles were very expensive custom-made machines that only the rich could buy. Henry Ford knew that to make his dream come true that he would have to find a way really lower the cost of making cars but still be able to make a profit.Ford took the first step toward this goal by designing the Model T. The Model T was a simple, tough car, offering no factory options- not even choice of color. Henry Ford told his team that the customer could have any color that they wanted- as long as that color was black The Model T was less expensive than most cars, but the majority of the people still could not afford to buy one.Fo rd realized that he needed a more cost-effective way to produce the car in order to lower the price enough to make it affordable for everyone. He and his team of experts looked at other Industries and found four principles that would make their goal of creating a less expensive car happen. These principles are as follows inter-changeable parts, continuous flow, division of labor, and reducing wasted efforts.Using interchangeable parts meant making individual pieces of the car the same every time.At this time, each piece was hand-crafted-and no two pieces would be exactly the same. By using inter-changeable parts, any valve would fit any motor any steering wheel would fit any car body. That idea would be used for all of the car parts. This meant improving the machinery and cutting tools used to make the parts.To improve the flow of the work that needed to be done so that one task was finished, another one began, with little time spent in set-up.

Eschools as Organisations Post 16 Options for Young People and Adults Essay

1. 2 Explain the post 16 options for young peck and adults Once a young person has reached year 11 there atomic number 18 a frame of choices to make about their future, this could be choosing a freshly course at school or college or entering employment and reproduction. These options will give them a good base on building a future career. Post 16- Continue in full time education either sixth form or at a local anesthetic college. Depending on their results they can choose from the list below- Post 17- If they have just completed a one-year course, following Year 12, they may decide to continue their studies full time or look for commercial enterprises and training-Post 18- Following Year 13, they will have a number of choices to make about their future. They may decide to continue their studies full time or look for jobs or training. List of options for post 16, 17 and 18. Course at entry level- Entry level courses do not require both exam passes and unremarkably take one o r 2 years to complete, a course at this level is an Entry Level Certificate. Course at Level 1(foundation Level) Foundation level courses do not usually require any exam passes.Depending on which course they do it usually takes either one or two years to complete. Examples of courses at this level are -Introductory Certificates/Diplomas -National First laurels (level 1) -National certificate/Award (level 1) -GCSEs -NVQ Level 1 Welsh Baccalaureate devising (foundation Level) wholly foundation Level courses can lead to higher level courses or work and training. Courses at level 2 (intermediate level) Intermediate Level courses may require two or three passes at grades DG and they usually take two years to complete.Examples of courses at this level are GCSEs First Certificates/Diplomas National Certificates/Awards (Level 2) NVQ Level 2 Foundation Apprenticeship Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification (Intermediate) All Intermediate Level courses can lead to higher level course o r jobs with training. (Providing they get the grades required). Courses at level 3 (advanced level) Four or fivesome GCSEs at grades A*- C or equivalents are usually required for entry. Depending on the type of course, they generally take either one or two years to complete.Examples of courses at this level are AS/A levels, including applied A levels National Diploma International Baccalaureate Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification (Advanced) NVQ Level 3 Apprenticeship. All Advanced Level courses can lead to higher education or jobs and training (providing they get the grades required in the inhibit egresss). Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification- The Welsh Bac is now becoming acquirable to more learners throughout Wales in schools, colleges and work-based settings. It allows for more flexibility in their studies.They will likewise develop skills and breeding styles that prepare you for further and higher education, as well as the realness of work. The Welsh Bac consists of two parts Core consisting of five components An one-on-one Investigation (which is like a project) into a subject of their own choice. Wales, Europe and the World Key Skills Work-related education Personal and social education. Options where they choose from course/programmes that are currently offered, for example GCSE AS/A levels VCE (Vocational A levels) NVQ BTEC OCR. New Principal Learning and Project Qualification will also be available as option within the Welsh Bac. Apprenticeships Apprenticeships bring them formal qualifications and highly specific work skills. They must be employed so they will be earning era they learn. They can also use Apprenticeship as a stepping stone to higher qualifications. As an Apprentice, their skills and role are respected, many top managers beated out by learning a trade and understanding how the organisation works from the ground up. To gain access to an apprenticeship applicants would need Four or five GCSEs at grade C or above are usually needed. Theyd be paid while they learn the skills that employers are looking for. Theyd gain an NVQ Level 3 qualification as an Apprentice or a Level 2 qualification as a foundation Apprentice. Higher Apprenticeships are also available at a Level 4 or above. Traineeships If the student was leaving school or college a Traineeship could help them get the skills needed to get a job or progress to further learning at a higher level, for example Apprenticeships or further education.In most cases they can start on a Traineeship at any point during the year and they dont need any formal qualifications to access the programme. There are contrasting levels of Traineeship. (Post 18) Engagement If they are finding it difficult to find the right job, get into work or develop their skills and learning, this level will help prepare them for the world of work or full time learning. This level can include work placements, community projects or training.Level 1 If they know what care er they requisite to follow and are ready for full-time learning at Level 1, this level will allow them to progress their skills further in their chosen subject and can also include work placements and community projects. If they have successfully completed a Level 1 and are still out of work, they by chance eligible to start learning at Level 2. Voluntary work As well as doing something worthwhile and rewarding in its own right, involuntary work can also be a good way of gaining skills and experience, especially if they dont find a job or training right away.It also looks good on a CV. Youth Gateway If they need some extra help and support before applying for a course, job or training, Youth Gateway is a short programme run by Careers Wales to help them with identifying and developing skills, job search, making applications and choosing suitable courses. Information on this can found at the local Careers Wales Centre. Direct. Gov 15 April 2012 www. education. gov. uk 1 April 201 2 wales. gov. uk 1 April 2012.

Library research guide to education: illustrated search strategy and sources Essay

Sodium supports the proper functioning of the nerves by playing its voice in action potentials action potentials atomic number 18 electrical impulses sent when the nerve cells received signals down the length of the cells hence triggering communication with the neighboring cells. During the action potentials, atomic number 11 ions rushes out of the nerve cells to initiate electrochemical impulse (Budvytyte et al, 2014).Why is this move up relevant or useful to understanding the loss of function in nerve cells?This approach is useful to understand neurons loss of functions because lack of sodium in the blood hinders the communication of the nerves, hence deficiency of sodium can result to muscle cramps because of vicarious communication between the muscle fibers and the nerves (Budvytyte et al, 2014).Question 2What is the normal intentness gradient of sodium in the nervous system (should the sodium concentration be higher or lower within the cell compared to the extracellular fl uid)?For a resting neuron, there is high concentration of chlorine and sodium ions in the extracellular fluid than the intracellular fluid. However, in the intracellular fluids, there is high concentration of potassium compared to the extracellular fluid (Madelin et al, 2010).How does the change in the sodium concentration observe from MRI of the hippocampus suggest that the neurons in the hippocampus became diseased and were not functioning properly?To detect a neuron death, Sodium MRI resource is used. The higher sodium (Na+) concentration indicate that there were dead or damaged cells. When making comparisons of the two images of the control patients and the Alzheimer ace, brighter areas are seen in the Alzheimer patent ace than the control patient. This is an indication of higher concentration levels of sodium and indicates dysfunction of neurons. Before the death of cells, the increased levels of sodium in the tissue could be as a result of sodium direct leak because if the Na/K ATPase retro-gradation or amyloid beta channels (Mellon et al, 2009).What sort of a change in the Na+ concentration gradient would you expect when neurons are damaged or malfunctioning?Only a small intracellular sodium increase would be judge to produce signal intensity change. After the death of the neurons, the space I the intracellular shrinks and the extra cellular space expands. Moreover, the extra cellular space allow for have a large concentration of sodium which produce a large signal intensity of sodium (Mellon et al, 2009).Question 4The peer look backwarded member on Sodium MR visualize detection of mild Alzheimer disease discusses how the changes in the concentration of sodium detected from the hippocampus MRI suggest that the hippocampus neuron became diseased and does not functioning properly.The article more or less Action Potential Collision in Nerves discusses the action Potential Collision in Nerves. I used the article in this assignment to understand wh at role sodium play in neuronal action.This article Sodium MRI with Triple Quantum diffuse and Inversion Recovery at 7T is about the true awareness in NNR in in medicine. I used the article in understanding the differences in the relative concentrations of sodium (Na+) in the hippocampus using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).5. In what ways are the studies similar in their method and conclusions? all the three studies used experimental methodology in their research design. Moreover, in their conclusions, there were similarity since all of them proved their hypothesis in relation to sodium innerves.In what ways are the studies different in their method and conclusions?The three studies used different equipment in their data collection. For instance, in the study of Sodium MR imaging detection of mild Alzheimer disease, used 3T clinical scanner, in the study Sodium MRI with Triple Quantum Filter and Inversion Recovery at 7T, used 7T solely Body Scanner and a single tuned Na head c oil.Question 7What early(a) observations might we expect to find in cases with similar issues?The other observations expected to be found include using sodium imaging as a clinical tool in detecting neuropathologic changes that are relate with Alzheimer diseaseWhat would we want to look for in the future, now that we know what this case has taught us?In future, we would want to look for the implementation of IR23NaMRI and TQR fir the human brain at 7T in vivo in order to assess the intracellular concentration of sodium.Question 8Give your resolution of the case What does it tell us about autopoiesis in human anatomy and physiology?My resolution is that the case is that there is a dysfunction in the neurons or cell death because of the brighter areas on the patients brain. Brighter areas are an indication of higher concentration levels of sodium on the neurons that have dysfunctionalOn a scale of 15, rate how confident you are in your conclusions in questions 1 and 2.I would rate m y conclusions at 5Question 9Describe how you located the information you used in this case.To grow the search, I started with the most comprehensive data base that is Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (NINAH) (Kennedy 2009). The search then continued to search engines such as British Nursing Index, MEDLINE. Moreover PubMed and NCBI were other major search engines which assisted some of the relevant articles. These search engines were used because they contained most of the peer review articles and books. To limit and narrow down the search for articles, internal searches of the databases was used by inserting full length of texts and searching the relevant articles from the list of journals displayed. Moreover, I limited myself to the current articles of up to 5 yearsIf you had it to do over again, what you might do differently?I would use different resources to get different information so as to make comparisons of different studiesReferencesBudvytyte, R., Gonzalez-Pe rez, A., Mosgaard, L., & Heimburg, T. (January 01, 2014). Action Potential Collision in Nerves. Biophysical Journal, 106, 2.)G. Madelin, N. Oesingmann, G. Johnson, A. Jerschow, and M. Inglese (2010). Sodium MRI with Triple Quantum Filter and Inversion Recovery at 7T. ONLINE on hand(predicate) at http//www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCcQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.med.nyu.edu%2Fradiology_research%2Fassets%2F03251.pdf&ei=tTyNVJmdH9GcugS5lYCIAw&usg=AFQjCNEbJrsrWJx0NrRJ0UjQSQ7y7IPJtA&sig2=4GdWwL6yW-a0Obj6LLMEmA&bvm=bv.81828268,d.c2E. Last Accessed 14th November 2014.Kennedy, J. R. (2009). Library research guide to reproduction illustrated search strategy and sources. Ann Arbor, Mich, Pierian Press.Mellon, E. A., Pilkinton, D. T., Clark, C. M., Elliott, M. A., Witschey, W. R. ., Borthakur, A., & Reddy, R. (January 01, 2009). Sodium MR imaging detection of mild Alzheimer disease preliminary study. Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 30, 5, 978-84. Retri eved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866317/Source document

Public School vs Private School Essay

Education can be considered one of the most important decisions parents make for their children. wherefore? Because education lays the foundation to future success in life, I personally understood this concept early on in life. My parents from as far pricker as I can remember taught me the value of having an education. I can still remember my mom preaching to my younger brother and me about how the barely thing an individualist can non take away from another individual is the knowledge gained in this world. Now many years later I find myself in the same position as many parents when it comes to education. I have to make the decision whether or not to send my child to public take aimhouse or a private institution. How do public schools and private schools compare? And is there much of a difference?Admission standards for public schools and private schools are quasi(prenominal) in comparison when it comes to placement testing and reviewing previous transcripts from other instit utions. Public schools unlike private schools are required by law to accept individual as long as the individual is at turn tailing a school in the district that they live in. Admission to a private school is not regulated by law and is up to the digression of the school administrators and if the requirements were met by the individual. Because private schools are more selective in their admission process parents tend to base part of their decision on the reputation. Private schools of good reputation are challenging to get accepted into because of the prominent level of competition at the admissions level.Curriculum is a major influence on a parents decision whether or not to send their child to private or public school. In both private and public schools cover basic subjects such as English, Social Studies, Mathematics, and Science. By law public schools must keep company state curriculum standards, which the schools are subject to state standardize academic testing. Whereas priv ate school has much more freedom in their curriculum simply because they are not require to teach only basic subjects and are not subjected to state standardize testing. Private schools do subject the students to test tho only based on comprehension and proficiency rather than retention. Since private schools have freedom in their curriculum, the schools have the opportunity to provide specialized courses and indie study to the students.Cost is the deal breaker in the decision on whether or not to send a child to private school or public school. In both public school and private school a financial investment is made in a child. But the dress hat way to cut the cost especially if the affordability of attending private school is out of the question is to send your child to public school. Public Schools are financially supported by the property taxes in the local area alongside funding from state and federal government. Unlike public schools, private schools do not receive support from property taxes. The way private schools receive funding is through fundraising, the tuition from the student body, and in some cases partial government funding. Because of the need of state and federal assistance the average tuition cost in the United States according to the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS) is roughly $17,000 to $50,000 a year. To ball carrier the high cost of tuition parents should seek out financial aid, financing, and payment plans with the private institution.The decision to place a child into a public school or a private school is not a decision that should be made overnight there is a lot to consider, most significantly the child. As a parent it is imperative to re-evaluate the child before placing the child in school because the child has to be placed in a school that is the right fit. Placing a child that thrives in a smaller group setting or enjoys one on one time I would personally consider private school as an option. If the child enjoys a larger group setting placing the child in public school will be right fit too. Overall the affordability of public school is more reasonable and the flexibility of curriculum of a private school is things can be negotiated when making the final decision. As a parent I know that the child best interest is always in the forefront whether I decide on a public school or private school.

Failures of Reconstruction Essay

General William T. Shermans meeting with the sorry leadership who would go successful and outstanding leaders of black people in the United States of America on January 12. 1865 somehow foreshadowed the coming of Reconstruction in this epoch. The meeting which united both white and black Americans who wished for the abolishment of bondage was besides the start of the partnership between these progressives and the inkinesss. In a decennary. several incidents happened which marked the greatest times in the black American history.Four yearss after the meeting. a land was given to the black Americans and mules that were non being used by the ground forces were besides given to them. This land will be the abode of more than 40. 000 freed slaves. Because of this. they hoped that their emancipation will non merely free them from bondage but besides give them the liberty to be economically independent and gestate genuine freedom. However. it seems that the battle for freedom can be forgo tten and Reconstruction. that thing which should be unifying the tattered state will neglect and go matchless of the greatest failures in the American history.Why did Reconstruction neglect? Who was the one to fault? While there argon these black Americans who extremely anticipated their freedom and progressives worked in redefining freedom for the remainder of both the black and white Americans. there will be a job that will neglect the Reconstruction epoch. later on a decennary. people got tired of contending for freedom and shortly. there are jobs in line with the new disposal. After the black Americans were so successful to set up their ain lives and edifice churches. schools for black kids and establishments. a decennary subsequently. the battle for their freedom and rights all of a sudden met silence.Andrew Johnson confiscated all lands that were given to black Americans therefore operate downing the failure in land reform which was given in 1865. At the same clip. he is no n in favour of the rights being pushed by the Republicans for the come to of the Black Americans. His positions sing the freedom of the African-Americans were non in line with what these former slaves ought to hold. Hence. his thoughts of Reconstruction were the same ground why it failed. The politicians from the South can non accept emancipation and the self-sufficiency that slaves must hold while the president is non in favour of the Reconstruction being pushed by the slaves and the Republicans.The failure of Reconstruction was brought by the fact that there are people who can non accept the world of emancipation and pushed what they wanted best for themselves than what is right for the remainder of the United States of America.Plants CitedEric Foner. Give Me Liberty An American History. 2e Volume II eBook from hypertext transfer protocol //www. wwnorton. com/college/history/foner2v2_ebook/welcome. asp

Global Assignments:Pre-departure Training Program Essay

IntroductionGlobal designation of managers has been a traditional method of operating far flung commercial empires since the days of Robert Clive and the British East India Company. The importance of transferring knowledge, upskilling out-of-door or local managers and instilling best practice throughout a multinational organization has long been recognized as a source of competitory advantage for those firms able to expand successfully. The failure of rate of orbiculate assignments, and indeed supranational expansion, has throughout history been nothing less than fantastic. The vast majority of firms contri entirelye been unable to master operations across multiple cultures, political systems or levels of economic development. The need to simply find out what is going on has, in the past, been the major motivator for global assignment.The advent of modern communication and travel technology has arguably reduced the need for inspection style assignments however this authority h as been upgraded to the mentoring vocation of international managers whose primary purpose is to transfer knowledge. The plethora of technological marvels that enable cooperative endeavor expanding around the globe do little to dislodge the fact that knowledge is person bound acquired overtime through interaction with either tacit or explicit sources. Firms must transfer mountain betwixt host and main office countries because it is arguably still the only effective way to exchange culture, knowledge and experiences.A number of issues arise for those individuals who are selected for, or who strike to embark upon international assignment. These issues may include practical, emotional/psychological or professional hurdles that limit the employees effectiveness on assignment, or occur to early repatriation. Options for reducing the risks these voltage dangers pose are only limited by finance and imagination, and extend to careful selection of employees for expatriate assignment, pre-departure training, and familiarization visits, mentoring from both the lieu and the host country, post-arrival training, regular return home visits, repatriation training and extensive communication between home and host.The focus of this training program is on pre-departure training i.e. preparing potential expatriate candidates and their partners for the experience of global posting forrader they embark on assignment. Pre-departure training is important because it is at this stage that candidates must determine their personal objectives inwardly the context of the assignment and the firms overarching goals. Training at this stage can equip expatriate candidates with the questions they need answered to ensure both the employee and the firm earnings from the assignment. The advantages of pre-departure training lie in the safety of the home culture training milieu, the ability to catch misapprehensions or poorly formed perceptions before they become high-priced mistakes. Pre-departure training admits those candidates who do go on to expatriate assignment with a point of reference between their new purlieu and their home culture a way to recognize the totally unfamiliar.The Training ProgramThe devised program has been designed for potential expatriate candidates and their partners, to be conducted by independent consultants for multiple firms simultaneously. It is culturally non-specific because it seeks to extend tools that can be applied in a range of cross-cultural situations. Clearly there are limits to the range of non-specific instruction however the aim is not to provide lists of norms or stereotypes, but rather to teach recognition of unfamiliar cultural circumstances, no matter the national, ethnic or religious environment.The program is think to be starting point for those employees and firms contemplating global assignment. As such(prenominal), the program allow for lay the foundations of service policies, employment contracts and jo b descriptions, as well as allowance and repatriation agreements. The program will alike provide practical advice for both firms who must manage from afar, and expatriates who must deal with local situations whilst keeping the home office happy. An inescapable factor in global assignment is a change in cultural environment for the expatriate, and the inevitable feelings of unease or stress commonly associated with deal with this change. There is arguably little any course can do to offset this hurdle, yet pre-departure training allows opportunity to raise the candidates awareness of this problem, arguably increase their ability to cope.The program is not intended to be intensive, nor is it intended to be long. It is structured for 15 to 20 candidates with their partners and will be conducted over the course of a day. The program is divided into terce, 2 hour school terms therefore the participants will also be divided into three equal groups and rotate through each session in t urn. Partners well be kept to starther within groups to ensure they gain the same insights.Sessions will be divided as followsCandidate selection and firm / expatriate expectationsCulture Shock and Practical ProblemsRelocation, on-going support and repatriation.Session A selection and expectationsPart A Country appriseThe development of overseas transmission line, markets and customers requires multinational companies to adapt to the unique demands of each country. Asno two countries are alike, the ability to understand the language and culture of a country can invariably gather in the difference when building profitable relationships.In contemporary business environment, it is not unusual that an employee mainly based in China has more connections with his colleagues in Paris or Washington DC. The globalization makes the constant transfer of staffs from a culture to an separate necessary and essential. Not surprisingly, if a company is planning to send staffs overseas, they will find the whole working style not like the genius they are used to. In a study of Elizabeth Marx in 1999, approximately 14.3% England and 25% American expatriate managers were not as successful as they used to be. (Elizabeth Marx (1999) Breaking Through Culture Shock)How to create for a totally different culture is crucial to an expatriate managers performance. Any stereotypical and inaccurate preconceptions may lead to the international assignment a disaster. That means at corporate level, it is important to hold the expatriate managers for their new, unfamiliar business environment. This training program is aiming to challenge those managers with the culture and social environment they are going to face. The following is a list of the areas our training course may cover1.Background of the countryHistoryPolitical trunk2.Current Economic System3.People and Society4.Population Profile5.Current Economy Data6.Working Relations7.Language8.Media and Communications9.Religion10.Trade a nd IndustryPart B Candidate Assessment ProgramSource Pappas Stanoch Will global trotting help your race (http//www.windowontheworldinc.com/pps_1.html)In this part, we are going to help the employee to evaluate their potential for success on an international assignment. By accepting this part of training, it will help to promote assignment success by supporting a candidate and partner in determining their suitability for living and working internationally.The self-importance assessment is important to the business performance as well as the personal life of the expatriate. For many executives, though, whether to take an international assignment boils down to three key issues personality, timing and motivation.PersonalityDoing business in a new setting, under different rules and possibly in a different language, requires flexibility. Frequently, employees with Type A personalities are chosen for these kinds of assignments because theyre ambitious, vocal and successful. However, Type B personality are often more adaptive and relaxed some the challenges theyll encounter abroad.TimingFamilies even off better to the difficulties of an expatriate move at certain times in their life cycles than others. A single person might seem ideal for such a transfer because he or she doesnt have a family to consider. However, single people lack the emotional support other family members provide, which can be important to facing the stresses of working and living in another country. You have to consider the possibility of your childrens education and your spouses career before the decision to move abroad.MotivationHow strongly do you want to go, and will you be adequately compensated? Given cost-of-living issues, the assignment may not provide a significant monetary gain. Also ask yourself how your company treats returning expatriates? What types of positions are offered? Is their experience valued?Re-Entering SuccessfullyMany repatriates have difficulty readjusting and maintai ning career momentum after their return. As a result, 25% leave their original companies within two years of returning from an overseas assignment, according to a come by Windham International, a New York-based relocation firm, in conjunction with the National Foreign Trade Council Inc. and the Society for Human Resource Management.To avoid problems, planning your re-entry before you leave for an international assignment is essential. Establish ways to stay in touch with your home office while youre overseas. This can help you to rubbish out-of-sight, out-of-mind syndrome. Also, find a company mentor to keep an eye on your career path while youre out of the country. Be flexible about the timing of your re-entry, since the ideal position may not be available when your assignment is scheduled to end.This part of the training will take about one hour. And firstly the tutor will present the four factors affects the decision to relocate. After that, the following questionnaires are han ded out to the trainee. Let them discuss the 10 questions in 4-5 people group for 30 minutes. At this stage, tutors will attend the group discussion and try to lead the group discussion to the points mentioned in the bold row following each question. At the end of the discussion, each member will be asked to present the necessity to be relocated.1 Do I cut through stress constructively?Some people feel frustrated, confused or lonely when surrounded by people from other cultures. Expatriates need to manage these sometimes negative and stressful emotions as well as any job-related stress they experience.2 Do I rebound quickly from disappointments?Its common to make mistakes and cultural missteps and experience failures in a foreign country. existence able to laugh at yourself and remain focused are important characteristics of successful expatriates.3 Am I open to risk?Trying new things is inherent in an international experience. Every day there are new people to meet, new foods to try and new places to explore.4 Am I comfortable during periods of uncertainty?You cant learn all the new social and business norms immediately. Accept that youll learn as you go and that you cant be expected to figure out everything as quickly as you would in your home culture. Its estimated that expatriates operate at 65% of their normal level of productivity during the first three to six months of an assignment. This may disappoint or frustrate you, but its perfectly normal.5 Am I flexible and open to new situations and relationships?Youre certain to encounter ways of thinking and behaving that differ from your own. Being open and flexible will help you enjoy interacting with people who think and operate differently.6 Am I curious about differences in other cultures, and am I discriminate and accepting of other types of people? slice on an international assignment, you need to maintain a positive attitude toward the unfamiliar. While living in a host country, youll encounter man y people unlike yourself. Learn to understand where theyre coming from and try to interact with them in an effective manner.7 Do I have a strong sense of self, and am I self-directed?As an expatriate, you may not get the reaction and reinforcement youre accustomed to. During difficult times, your identity needs to come from within. You must maintain a strong sense of self, especially when others arent reinforcing your values. Recognize your personal power and set your own goals, so that you can feel at home in any culture.8 Am I sensitive to how others interpret my behaviour, and do I appreciate others feelings?When communicating in another culture, you need to have confidence in your ability to accurately compass the feelings of others. Verbal language is sometimes a cultural barrier, and another cultures subtle, nonverbal cues arent always obvious.9 Does my family support accepting this international assignment?Having the support of family members helps you to focus on whether th e move will be good for your career and them as well.10 Is this a good time in my life to be far remote from family, friends and my career network, and can I maintain ties with my home office while on assignment?Living away from your native country can be stressful. Its helpful to be at a phase in life when important relationships can arrest unusual and challenging circumstances. Having a company mentor in the home office to help you stay abreast of any changes and remain visible also is important. Coming home can be harder than leaving, since youll have changed a lot, but your company may have stayed much the same.Session B Preparing expatriates and their familiesPurpose To prepare selected expatriates and their families before going overseas. The program is aimed at building trainees recognition of culture shock, and providing them with basic knowledge of living and working in a new environment of cultural difference.

The Unabomber

The Una misfireer For 17 years, an elusive criminal sent homemade bombs that targeted universities, airlines and computer stores, killing triplet people and injuring 23 others. The FBI branded Theodore Kaczynski a domestic terrorist, with the nickname the Unabomber (Unabomber). Theodore Ted Kaczynski was born in Chicago, Illinois, where, as a child prodigy, he excelled academically. He was accepted into Harvard University at the age of 16, where he graduated from four years later and then(prenominal) earned a PhD in mathematics several years after that.He then accepted a position at The University of California, Berkley campus as an assistant professor at the age of 25 (Unabomber). After two years at Berkley, Kaczynski seemed to cede lost interest in everything around him. He quit his job and moved to an isolated cabin, without electricity or running water, in Lincoln, Montana. He precious to learn survival skills in an attempt to become self-sufficient (Kaczynski). After witness ing the wilderness and environment around him get destroyed by industrial development, Kaczynski fixed to start a bombing campaign (Kaczynski).From 1978 to 1995, Kaczynski sent sixteen bombs to targets, including universities and airlines (Unabomber). The first mail bomb was sent in late May 1978 to materials engineering professor Buckley Crist at Northwestern University, where a policeman, Terry Marker, opened the package which exploded immediately, leaving him with severe injuries to his left hand (Unabomber). He not only send his bombs, but would also hand place them throughout the United States. In California Kaczynski hand placed a nail and splinter loaded bomb in a parking lot of a computer store.When it was touched, it exploded, killing the 38-year-old computer store owner (Unabomber). Theodore was not just a murder with no motive, he proclaimed that humans were ruining the world through technology (Kaczynski). After 17 years of his bombing campaign, he sent his 35,000-word essay industrial Society and Its Future, abbreviated to Unabomber Manifesto to major media outlets around the U. S. (Unabomber). The essay called for a worldwide revolution against the effects of modern societys industrial-technological system (Kaczynski).He stated that the industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race (Kaczynski). Several months after the Unabomber Manifesto was printed on the Washington Post, Kaczinskis brother and wife recognized his brothers write styles and beliefs and tipped off the police. FBI officers arrested Kaczynski on April 3rd, 1996, at his remote cabin in Lincoln, Montana. Theodore thinks of himself as perfectly sane, with justifiable reasons connected to his crimes (Kaczynski). Theodore Kaczynski was sentenced to eight life sentences in prison house with no possibility of parole.

Human Resources and Their Recruiting Medium

I. Introduction to Online Recruiting in that portion atomic number 18 several(prenominal)(prenominal) method actings spendd by employees to recruit undertaking appliers. piece resource recruiters bunghole accustom of goods and services traditional methods such as postal serviceing a business line listing in a news piece of music or plight an usage agency to essay for cheat appli whoremongerts. They whitethorn in addition choose to intercommunicate with c atomic number 18er office employees at universities and colleges to attract prospects, wont net de boundaryineing methods at professional organizations, advertise in newspapers or on television, or use more new-fangled recruiting sources such as the internet to rise potency future employees. Recruiting problem seekers oer the net is a recent trend that allows organizations to successfully hire able appli kindlets to merge their green goddesss workforce at a low terms comp bed to some former(a) recruiti ng executions.In recent multiplication, some(prenominal) firms advertise pedigree opportunities by placing a capriole posting on the Internet for extraneous furrow hires. Some companies regular use the Intranet to hire employees internal to the organization. The Intranet is employ for internal recruiting purposes within a company and is a system that allows employees to view job openings at the company they currently work for. finished both the Internet and Intranet, job appli jackpotts faeces view the available statuss and submit their imbibes online. Employees can review several resumes and follow up by conform toing prognosiss for interviews. Job recruiting over the Internet allows candidates and corporations a opportunity to connect.Online recruiting is a immediate growing, common spatial relation service of the World Wide meshwork that some(prenominal) organizations atomic number 18 deem for recruiting purposes. The employment labor has beat backn a bi g step towards recruiting in cyberspace. Applicants can be quickly investd and recruited to join a team at a corporation. Recruiting is the process of generating a pool of qualified applicants for organizational jobs. (Mathis and Jackson, pg. 70)Recruiting over the Internet is not a re gravelment for traditional methods like radio publicizing, newspaper listings, networking or be career fairs, precisely is becoming truly normal in our society. It is a good resource when an applicant is in front of a career luck. Lately, more newspapers place their job ads online for job seekers to view. Electronic advertising is a method of recruiting that corporations should meet when peeping for qualified applicants to fill an opening in an organization. Companies should use this turncock to attract qualified people.It is truly important to recruit racy, trustworthy employees that will fit in the corporations heathen environment and avail the company achieve the established goals. Employees should follow the mission of the organization and work to help the business succeed. People, our human resources, need to be trained to meet these incorporated goals. It is very speak toly to hire an employee that steals from the business or leaves the company after several training and recruiting dollars hit been spent. Human resource managers hope to obtain people that can grow with the company and are motivated employees. Electronic recruiting can be utilize to think employees with these skills. The net has spawned a national marketplace for professional, managerial, and technical jobs. (Life on the weathervane)In the book, Smart Strategies, the author suggests you consider five approaches if you want to recruit online. First, you should create your own sack up page on which you describe your company and list your employment postulate. umteen organizations use this resource for applicants already lodge ined in the company to view. It is also important to use an online headhunter for specialized or hard-to-find positions. disembowel sure the headhunter has a good reputation and is experienced in this field. Next, use search engines to ensconce applicants.The employer can just now fiber in a keyword such as accounting to narrow the search. Also, post your job listing on a Usenet newsgroup. Last, communicate with applicants through listserves. This means that you can specify your job openings and users are allowed to narrow their field of search. An applicant may search by state, company name, job title, or qualifications for the position. As you can see, subscribers receive a list on a specific topic of concern through electronic mailings. The Internet opens a whole new world to the recruiting process. Online recruiting is definitely an employment beast of the future for companies of all sizes. (Outlaw, pg. 80)Career sites such as The Monster Board allow respective(prenominal)s with various interests an opportunity to place their resumes online. About 45 pct of the 50,000 jobs on The Monster Board are for one straighten out of technician or another, nearly 20 percent of the listings involve product management and development, and roughly 35 percent are completely nontechnical, such as marketing and retailing positions. (Maynard, pg. 2) Large employers and smaller organizations use the Internet to find a person to fill a vacancy at their company.Roberta Maynard says, just about 70% of the companies recruiting on The Monster Board have under 50 employees. Also, the la rill statistic revealed 1 million resumes online, 1.2 million jobs offered, 3,500 employment Web sites and 5,800 recruiting companies online in 1996, according to Internet Business Networks 1997 Electronic Recruiting Index. (Wells, pg.1) More recent data belike indicates more resumes entered online, more jobs offered through this method, and an increase in organizations specializing in this area. This method of recruiting is becoming very pop ular for businesses to use.III. Advantages to the Job CandidatesThere are several benefits to candidates who use computerized services to find a job position. some college graduates and professionals take advantage of Electronic Search Firms such as Online Career Center, CareerPath, CareerBuilder, and JobCenter to search for employment opportunities or view the websites of corporations they are interested in. integrity popular online database system is Careermosaic and can be found at the web address http//www.careermosaic.com where users can enter their resume for companies to review.Web sites such as Careermosaic offer advantages to the applicant by as giving the candidate the ability to gather entropy on organizations and various job opportunities, send out mass quantities of resumes to be viewed by several employers, state geographic preferences, and enjoy court savings benefits for the applicant. Job candidates also save a tremendous amount of time utilize this method comp ared to other job hunting processes, may be able to front for internal jobs, and might find a site that allows them to look for a position by area of specialty or interest.A. instruction Gathering on Organizations and Various Job OpportunitiesApplicants can read about current positions and jobs that have been listed for awhile and find out the necessary qualifications for the career opportunity. The candidate may even have a chance to view the salary break inn for a particular position. This system is very easy to use to locate a job position. Also, it is fairly easy to research a company to find background information to enhance interview preparation, areas of expertise, and job postings over the internet and apply for a position that interests you. Some websites even allow you to scan your resume instead of typing it in to apply for potential future employment opportunities.B. Mass Quantities of Resumes Viewed many another(prenominal) recruiters can view your resume by simply placing it on one of these popular sites. It would take a lot of time to send each employer you resume through another method. The candidate can choose a resume web site to submit their resume and wait for organizations to contact them when at that place is a possible fit for a job position.The ideal geographic location as well as other preferences can be listed on the online resume. For example, a candidate in moolah graduating from Michigan State University may search for a job position in California and find out the responsibilities for the job, qualifications demand for the position, and which facility is hiring. When the candidate is viewing employment opportunities he or she can look for jobs in a desired location.Placing your resume online and searching company websites is free of charge so the candidate can benefit from cost savings over traditional methods of job searching. It can be very expensive to purchase high quality paper and envelopes as well as stamps to send a company your resume and backrest letter. The electronic method also is less expensive compared to facsimile machines for great distance calls.This automated hiring process speeds up the procedure for both the employee and employer. The submitted resumes can be processed very quickly. You dont have to wait as long as it would take a typical resume submitted by mail to get into the hands of a human resource recruiter. By placing your information on the Internet, you can save time compared to the time that would be spent on the more traditional methods of sending resumes and cover letters. For example, a computer company in Dallas could place an advertisement for a job on their website or through another service over the Internet. A candidate can view the opening and exhibit his or her interest immediately instead of waiting a few days for a send resume to reach the employer.For internal employees searching for a new job in their current place of employment they may have the opti on of using the Intranet for internal transfers within a company. According to Samuel Greengard, for HR groups today, the most action is on corporate Intranets, which allow secure Web-based communication within a company. Employees that work for an organization and wish to look for an opening in another department or a unalike position in the area they are currently working in can review the job postings internal to the company on the intranet if the firm has established this service. Dave Taylor, author of Hire the best with internet, intranet resume databases, believes companies can keep their competitive edge by designing a job database on your intranet to help deem employees, move them into their ideal position, and lower the cost of hiring.There are Career Sites that are designed in the first place for applicants with certain backgrounds. For example, an applicant interested in being a physician, nurse, pharmacist, or physicians assistant can search for a job on the Medical Economics Online site. Someone wanting a job in a field like Information Systems can locate a search company that specializes in this area. Candidates can single out through jobs by geographic area, by job type such as marketing or accounting, by company name, or other desired preferences to specify an interest. A job applicant will enjoy the benefits of searching numerous positions that fit their enfranchisement from home or at work.There are also several advantages to the employer that recruits employees online. The recruiter will realize they have a wide hearing to reach over the Internet for available job openings and save time compared to other recruiting methods. They may also enjoy the benefit of saving money in this area, can get feedback to find out how many candidates have viewed the job opportunity, and bring attention to the organization. The human resource person also has the ability to sort through resumes submitted to their department, can find a person interested in a specific location to work, and enjoys the benefit of managing the large amounts of resumes received.The Human Resource recruiter discovers the benefit of reaching a wide audience by having a good advertising distri merelyion through electronic websites. This means that the ad for the job position reaches many applicants all over the world. It would take a lot of time to place advertisements on television, in many local papers, or on the radio in several locations to find a suitable individual for a job. Advertisements placed over the Internet tend to reach greater numbers of people. gain a wide volume of people is an important factor to many recruiters.A recent term used by some corporations is Just in Time Recruiting (JITR) which brings the candidates to employers at the time that the company needs to hire someone. (Electronic Recruiting News, pg.1) This is very helpful when a company needs a replacement for an employee that left the corporation suddenly or a departmental nee d is realized. The employer can receive many resumes within hours of a job opening rather than waiting weeks to get resumes in the mail or through fax machines. Applicants can be found in cyberspace within a short time period.One of the most important advantages to the employer looking for possible hires online is the cost savings aspect of this recruiting method. Recruiting over the Internet cost much less than the typical methods of recruiting like advertising in a newspaper. This allows companies an opportunity to slash be that are spent on recruiting. In comparison, a typical ad placed in a newspaper has a fee of versus an average cost of to place a listing on the Internet.Web recruitment sites are free to the searcher, and the employer typically pays $2,000 to $2,500 a month to advertise as many as 100 job openings. (Life of the Web) The cost to advertise on commercial sites will pull up stakes depending on what services the company offers and how long the posting is listed. Some of these sites want to increase the size of their database and do not charge for the service. Those that do set fees typically charge $25 to $150 per job listing, with the continuation of listings averaging four weeks. (Maynard, pg. 3) There are some companies that offer the benefit of unlimited postings but charge an annual rate.Dr. Jim Jones from Colombia/HCA, Trident Medical Center said in his round table discussion with our Human Resource caution class that his department uses the internet at times to recruit employees to the hospital and it only costs about $20 a job posting. This is a small amount for such a large hospital. He has found some successful candidates using this method of recruiting employees.In an article on the topic of online recruiting there is a good example given about a Human Resource employees experience using this method of attracting applicants and the benefits of this procedure. It says, West decided to pay $125 for a classified ad listing that ra n for 60 days with an Internet recruiting service. She not only found the right person to fill the job but also saved her company money a weekend ad in her local paper would have cost three times as much. (Maynard, pg. 1)Some sites offer feedback to the employer, such as bring in the number of resumes that a given job listing generates. (Maynard, pg. 3) The human resource individual can simply go into the site they posted a job on and look to see how much interest the position has received.Companies can stand out by putting more detail in their listings and can even create their own website to discuss their products and services as well as other corporate characteristics. Corporations should not assume applicants tell apart to go to their website to find a position for future employment but can use their website to advertise job postings. Companies need to bring the individuals looking for employment to their site to use these features. An organization may go through an Electroni c Search Firm to attract people to their business.The organization can match an applicant with the desired qualifications to the position. They can simply type in keywords to cite applicants with the necessary skills. Adding a section composed entirely of keywords is useful because employees often search resumes for specific skills on a keyword basis. (Martin, pg. 1) This can be very beneficial to both the recruiter and the job candidate.The Human Resource employee can search through several resumes and choose candidates that match the description of the job. The applicants could have a technical background since they are using a computer source to find a job. Employers have realized applicants in many fields use this service. The resumes are collected and entered into a database that allows employers to search through, store, and sort for keywords or by job type. Recruiters can use sites to search through resumes such as The Monster Board, which is an established service that seve ral job seekers use to find employment and is located at http//www.monster.com.G. Geographic Location SpecificationIf a company chooses to interview international applicants from other countries, the recruiting online method works because it reaches people all over the world. Recruiters can look through resumes to find candidates interested in working in a specific metropolis in a country or even overseas.Online recruiting gives employers the benefit of managing the mass quantities of resumes received. It can be very overwhelming for a human resource part at a large company to place applicants in various areas and have to read many resumes received for a particular position that may not fit the qualifications the company is looking for in a job candidate. Global Computer News, GCN says the office now takes between 8000 and 10,000 applications over a four-day period without being overwhelmed. (Appleton, pg. 4)V. Things to Consider When Applying OnlineAlthough, there are many benefit s to recruiting online, there are also some things you should consider when applying for an opportunity at an organization through this method. You should consider the fact that you are only a name or number in a database and do not have personal contact with a recruiter at a company. It is important to differentiate yourself from other candidates. Industry experts indicate that job candidates must still differentiate themselves even if a resume is delivered by fax or E-mail. (Vitello, pg. 1) Some applicants chose to follow up with a phone call to introduce themselves to a representative of the corporation they are trying to work for.Also, remember your current employer may have assenting to the Internet if you wish to keep your job searching to yourself. There can be a chance to submitting your resume over the net. On those databases, resumes can be just as easily introductioned by a present employer as any other. (Bergstrom, pg. 3) Sending highly personal resume information ele ctronically involves hostage risks. (Appleton, pg. 1)It is not always the applicants with great qualifications that search the web either. Human resource employees at some corporations may not use the Internet to recruit employees so applicants may not be able to use this source in all situations. Not everyone has technological skills. A disadvantage for the job candidate that wants to apply for employment opportunities online is that they dont always know where to go to submit their resume. Another thing to consider when putting your credentials online is that the user of a career site should nominate sure they have the option to make edits to the resume they submit online.Jeff Walker, Major Accounts Receivable Manager from Automatic Data Processing (automatic data processing) discussed the topic of electronic recruiting at the Society of Human Resource Management Association meeting on June 15, 1999. He said ADP does recruit employees over the Internet and can offer this opportu nity to other companies interested in using this method. Mr. Walker believes the costs of recruiting are increasing and organizations should use the electronic recruiting methods to help locate candidates that match the skills needed for the job position. The web has a wide reach of potential applicants, can offer faster access to information on candidates, and is convenient. Employers like internet recruiting because it gives faster results via electronic medium, has access to new talent base, cost less than traditional methods, is easy to integrate existing technologies with recruiting methods, and provides quality candidates. (Jeff Walker Presentation to SHRM, June 15, 1999)Nancy , a Human Resource recruiter from Mecosa, located on Daniels Island, says their company is starting to think about recruiting job applicants online but is cogitate on other important issues currently. She does wish to recruit over the Internet but it will take some time before the company is ready to st ep into this area. A guest at the SHRM meeting, Deborah Coleman, a human resource employee from Berkeley Dorchester EDC has used this process to find employees a few times. Clint and Maxine from Williams Technology in Summerville, southeasterly Carolina have used this recruiting method to find a few employees but have not used this process extensively. Many companies realize there are many benefits to recruiting employees online but most organizations using this procedure currently are large businesses or smaller companies that have available resources. For example, Allison Dennis, from Santee Cooper does use electronic recruiting to locate potential applicants and enjoys the benefits of the process.Although there are some things to consider when using online recruiting methods for hiring or job searching purposes, many individuals and corporations enjoy the advantages of electronic recruiting to find employment opportunities or to place an individual in a job opening. Online recr uiting is a way to recruit job candidates that has been growing in popularity in our society and in all likelihood will continue to be used by many organizations to find qualified applicants for job openings. It has been a successful procedure for human resource recruiters all over.I. Introduction to Employee Selection TestsWhen deciding on hiring a job applicant or not there are various tests we might decide to mete out to the individuals to access their potential for a job opening. We may consider the accuracy and usefulness of the different options to separate employees including selection exams. Also, many question the validity of these tests when deciding on administering them or not to jobseekers. If used decently the various selection tests can provide useful information on candidates to an organization. Proper selection can minimize the costs of replacement and training, reduce legal challenges and result in a more productive workforce. (Ranner, pg. 1)Many think the popu larity of these exams is growing and more corporations are administering these tests to prospects of employment. Employers would like to predict which candidates would be successful if offered a position with the company so they use selection tests. Some employers purchase prepared tests, whereas others develop there own. (Mathis & Jackson, pg. 79)Blackbaud does use various selection tests such asThere are several selection tests that employers give to potential candidates to access their potential as future employees. Employers may use skills tests such as maths or computer exams, genetic viewing, drug and alcoholic drink tests, handwriting abbreviation, medical exams, and psychological or reputation tests to select employees. They may also choose to give honesty and written integrity exams, unrestrained learning exams, and AIDS tests to determine if the individual will receive a job at a company.Many organizations give skills exams like math tests or computer examinations t o determine the capabilities of a potential employee. Often times clerical exams or another type of knowledge test is given to determine the applicants skills. The employer needs to know this information to decide if it is worth training an applicant that lacks some abilities for the job or hire an individual who can perform the given duties. If the exam relates to the job responsibilities than employers should not worry about being sued for request job seekers to take a skills test.A recent trend in corporations is to perform genetic screening before deciding to hire an individual. These tests can explain the background of the applicant. This screening process can identify individuals who are hypersensitive to harmful pollutants in the workplace. (Schuler and Huber, pg. 251) These employees can be placed in other positions that are not hazardous to their health if it is determined there is a risk. There is a debate over the ethics of using this method to screen applicants for a job . Believe it or not, some big companies are using gene testing to screen out job applicants vulnerable to expensive and debilitating diseases. (Cronin, pg. 1)Many organizations use drug and alcohol screening to eliminate hiring employees that may not be productive because of disconsolate habits. It is important to employ individuals that do not have problems of substance abuse. Often times, employees with drug or alcohol addictions come to work late, are not motivated, and do not perform their job responsibilities adequately. Drug studies have been done to help indicate problems that may occur with people that have drug problems. These studies indicate that a single pre-employment drug test can differentiate groups of persons at higher risk for certain inadequate job behaviors. ( ) Many applicants expect to be tested for drugs and know methods to pass these exams so organizations should be certified of this possibility.Preplacement tests are administered after a company makes a j ob offer contingent upon a fairish result. (Cronin, pg.4) Candidates should fill out a questionnaire before tested for drug usage because prescription drug use can show up in the laboratory results. A sample of urine, hair, or blood can be taken from the prospective employee to identify possible drug usage.The accuracy of drug tests varies according to the type of test used, the item tested, and the quality of the laboratory where the test samples are sent. (Mathis and Jackson, pg.82) Companies that provide care-giving services usually test for drug usage because employees need to be prepared to respond to emergencies. Several organizations administer these exams to their employees.Handwriting analysis (graphology) is useful if the expert predicting it is experience in interpreting handwriting samples. The candidate may be asked to redeem a one -page summary on why they would be a good fit for the job and signs it at the bottom. This procedure only takes about ten minutes but will be canvas also to determine the analysis of the handwriting. Handwriting exams are inexpensive, simple, and can reveal a lot about the nature of an applicant. There is a fee of about $150 for a two-page evaluation of a persons handwriting. A behavioral style analysis in the shorter versions runs for a cost of around $90-$150 for a two-page evaluation.As far as handwriting analysis in business, In the selection of personnel, handwriting analysis is an priceless tool for helping to choose the most suitable person for the job. For job seekers handwriting analysis provides an added subvention in that it requires no painful or embarrassing interview which a sensitive candidate is probably to see as an invasion of privacy.Medical exams might be given to employees during the screening process. After you make an offer, you can, under federal law, require a complete head-to-toe physical and access to all medical records. (Michael P. Cronin, pg.4) In the United States, eleven of the stat es limit the use of this medical information to job-related needs. There is a high cost to the employer to give physical exams to potential employees so this is often done after other screening procedures are completed. According to the Uniform Guidelines, physical examinations should be used to screen out applicants when the results indicate that job operation would be adversely affected. (Huber and Schuler, pg. 250)The Americans with Disability Act prohibits a company from rejecting an individual because of a disability and from enquire job applicants any questions relative to current or past medical history until a conditional job offer is made. (Mathis and Jackson, pg.82) These exams are valid if the physical characteristics of the candidate are essential to the job responsibilities. The American and Disabilities Act prohibits companies with more than 15 employees to ask questions about a candidates medical conditions before a job offer is given. Employers need to have a valid reason for not hiring someone based on a medical exam.F. Psychological or Personality ExaminationsPsychological or personality examinations may be given during the selection of future employees process. An exam may be used as a personality tool and could give results such as showing how aggressive a future sales representative will act. Companies may screen for emotional disorders but organizations should be careful because these tests should only be used for employees that work in security positions only because you dont want an employee that is considered dangerous to have a gun. The federal establishment in 1988 banned lie-detector tests and psychological tests became popular. These exams can test for an applicants propensity to steal. They are used to look for emotional disorders in job candidates.

I Believe in Love Essay

Love is a refuge that without it nonhing chiffonier exist. Without the drive in of God the world wouldnt have life. Without the passion of two go to sleeprs no child would be brought in to the cycle of life. Ignorant people under the guise of social acceptance have remote love from their lives, and have torn themselves apart mor whollyy. But I believe love heals both, love never fails, and love knows all.If theres one thing to learn about the many genres of love its this. It is instinctual to give comfort to those who dont want it, and to push comfort away when its given.My tiro was beside himself as he looked at the charred remains of his truck. He was utterly shocked that the fire didnt riddle at all, besides just stayed on the truck. A memory of being in that truck, driveway all over Oklahoma, crosses his mind. Thoughts of how I thought I would die in an accident truck by driving it cross my mind.He was stunned to say the least about the incident, and no one could get t hrough and through to him that we were there for him. My father started to bounce back after a few hours. You could even find a tiny smile on his mouth. My family and I kept our guards and when he was finally ready to accept it, our love was still right there to support him. Love doesnt give up, so we didnt either. some other lesson that Ive witnessed is that no one takes love serious anymore. About ten percent of just the U.S. is divorced, and close of those are 20-24 year olds. thither is lust at first sight, but no love. We humans billhook symmetry and strong biological traits, and automatically want to mate and carry on those traits as soundly as ours. But there are all these naive, young, kids who think that lust will carry them to happiness. wherefore they find themselves in court for a year getting a divorce. Lust will forever and a day fail, but love wont.Love and Hate are simply the fraternal twin matter of Passion. A quote I wrote myself. Everything on Gods green Ear th is a love story because love is passion and so is hate. Love and Hate are two completely diametrical emotions that do the same damage. Who knows about what the days conversation vocabulary will bring? We all tell such passionate, moving tales of angst that that is all we know anymore. We may not know what our actions will bring, but love does.After crisis and after victory there is a bond between those who fought to the end, and that bond is love. There are countless quotes all trying in vain to define love in all its nebulous wonders. 1 Corinthians 134-7 defines love the best saying, Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proudIt alwaysperseveres. Love heals all, love never fails, and love knows all.

Outline of the Hobbit Essay

I. Christian symbolic representation has always been a way for a writer to express his religious belief in his writings. A. universality was very influential in Tolkiens time period and in writing the Hobbit brought m whatever of his biblical perspectives to light. B. Tolkiens The Hobbit, through Bilbos adventure, symbolically shows the life of savior Christ. 1. Thorin travels with 12 dwarves just as Jesus travels with 12 disciples. 2. Gandalf can be seen as an angel or the Holy Spirit since he guides Bilbos journey and admirers in times of need.3. Bilbo can be seen as the Christian.C. Christian symbolism is plainly observe later b arely reading in the book so it becomes very easy to see what Tolkien has displace between the lines. II. In writing the Hobbit, Tolkien claims that the Christian symbolism was at first unintentional and later became the focal point of his book. D. This shows how a writers beliefs lead leak into his writings whether he may expect it to or not.4. P eople should be careful and get to know who the author of a book is if they requisite to be aware of what might be being said. 5. Ones religious belief will be evident if he is loyal to it. E. Tolkien says himself, The manufacturer of the Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work unconsciously so at first, plainly consciously in the revision.. The religious divisor is absorbed in the story and the symbolism (Miller 44). 6. Tolkiens beliefs spilled into his writings and he noticed this and capitalized on it.7. Although Tolkien is referring to his Lord of the Rings trilogy, it is unmistakable that it was also the case in The Hobbit. F. In The Hobbit, Bilbo has to face his consternations and step out of the solace of his home, the shire, to overcome the problems in that are in the real world. G. Bilbo is a small reserved hobbit not fantastic at all yet is the hero of the story and realizes his strengths and weaknesses along the way. 8. By creating Bilbo with these traits he is saying that it doesnt take a strong, brawny, and brave champion to save the day.9. Bilbo can represent a Christians walk or Jesus life on earth a. Bilbo as a Christian receives help from the Holy Spirit in the form of Gandalf and fellow Christians in the form of dwarves who accompany him on his route to salvation and must defeat his sin in the form of a flying dragon and reclaim the stolen treasure. b. Bilbo as Jesus is accompanied with his disciples in the form of dwarves and beau ideal in the form of Gandalf to defeat deuce in the form of a dragon and reclaim what he stole.III. Characters in the Hobbit without doubt represent biblical beings such as the goblins being demons and the eagles being angels. H. The goblins are described to be very hideous and immorality creatures that fearfulness the eagles and hold up in the mountains to hide from the eagles and do wicked. 10. Demons according to the Bible are want goblins in almost all way since they are b oth very evil and twisted. 11. Demons, however, do not necessarily dwell in the mountains. I. The eagles are described to be very heroic and honorable and hate the goblins for their schemes and enjoy destroying their evil plots and driving them back in the mountains. 12. Angels according to the Bible are like the eagles in almost every way since they do good and fight against evil.13. Angels, however, do not necessarily live on peaks or in nests. J. Gollum with his double personality and evil nature is a very good example of a demon possessed person according to the Bible. 14. And many of them said, He hath a devil, and is mad why visit ye him? (KJV, John 10.20) explains how a man possessed with a devil is cast out from society like Gollum. 15. Gollum lingers in the dark in solitude like they are evil. K. The character Beorn is very powerful and slightly mysterious and allows the company to stay at his place for a time till they are congeal to travel again possibly symbolic to a prophet since Gandalf had to manipulate him to show compassion and since his brute transformation does not seem like a Godly characteristic.L. Tolkiens emphasis of good and foul in the Hobbit is very clear unlike some books where there seems to be some shades of canescent there is only black and white according to Tolkien those who wish to do evil and those who wish to do good and strive for peace. IV. The Bible lines up with the Hobbit in many ways, more ways than noticed at first which Tolkien perhaps meant to be. M. Jesus was tempted by the devil in the desert alone by Satan and Bilbo was tested by Gollum. 16. Then was Jesus led up of the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil. (Matthew 4.1) 17. Bilbo was demonic with the ring after his encounter with Gollum which helped him and his companions out of multiple outcomes. N.When Bilbo and the dwarves are caught by spiders in the Mirkwood forest it is a result of falling into temptation of the magical feasts in the forest that Beorn and Gandalf had warned them to stay away from. 18. Watch and pray, that ye go into not into temptation the spirit indeed is willing, but the number is weak (Matthew 26. 41). c. According to this verse God will allow us to be tempted but we must resist. d. The verse also tells us that our flesh is weak and the will of our spirit must be stronger than the will of our flesh if we wish to pass temptation. 19. The spiders canvass to eat the dwarves and can be easily portrayed as an evil since many people fear spiders and are common pests.O. The elves in Mirkwood are very untrusting and wary of foreigners especially of dwarves so when they pull in Thorin he is almost immediately hurled into their prison. 20. The elves of Mirkwood are unlike the high elves that the company meets earlier in the book. e. The Mirkwood elves are more aloof and stronger than the high elves. f. The high elves are wiser and are willing to trade with outsiders and not confiscate themselves as much. 21. The Mirkwood elves and the high elves share displeasure in dwarves.P. The Mirkwood elves do not easily show any Christian symbolism other than providing punishment for Bilbo and the dwarves for falling into temptation. Q. The lake-townspeople Esgaroth in the Hobbit is a city of men who nourish in the past been driven out by the dragon and will have to fight the dragon yet again this time defeating it. 22. Thorin seemed good and noble as a first impression and not showing signs of mischief but turned out to cause great trouble for the peaceful town that had treated him and his company kindly.23. The lake-town people receive bountiful treasure flowing through the river from the mountain after defeating the aged dragon, Smaug. V. The Hobbit came out as a childrens book, a harmless fairy tale with elves and dwarves, but actually having strong and significant Christian symbolism intertwined in the plot. R. Hopefully by doing such a thing Tolkien lead many into understanding some of the knowledge the Bible has to offer. S. Christians reading the Hobbit often peer on to the symbolism and grant Tolkien with praise for his actions.

The Laws of Cyberspace – Lawrence Lessig

The honors of Cyber position natural justicerence Lessig draught 3 Lessig 1998 This essay was presented at the Taiwan Net 98 conference, in Taipei, March, 1998. Jack N. and Lillian R. Berkman Professor for Entrepreneurial Legal Stud- ies, Harvard Law School. Thanks to Tim Wu for exceedingly helpful comments on an preliminary draft. Lessig The Laws of earnings draftsmanship April 3, 1998 Before the revolution, the tzar in Russia had a system of internecine passports. The lot scorned this system. These passports marked the e slayer from which you came, and this marking gibed the places you could go, with whom you could associate, what you could be.The passports were badges that granted access, or barred access. They accountantled what in the Russian state Russians could nonplus to know. The Bolsheviks promised to change exclusively this. They promised to abolish the indwelling passports. And soon upon their rise to index number, they did al 1 that. Russians were once more secrete to travel where they wished. Where they could go was not determined by around document that they were required to carry with them. The abolition of the internal passport symbolized conversance for the Russian people a democratization of citizenship in Russia. This informaldom, just, was not to last.A ex and a half later, faced with the prospect of starving peasants flooding the cities looking for food, Stalin brought back the system of internal passports. Peasants were again tied to their rural land (a restriction that remained without the 1970s). Russians were once again restricted by what their passport permitted. Once again, to gain access to Russia, Russians had to show something most who they were. *** Behavior in the true argona this land, the world in which I am now speaking is beatd by four sorts of constraints. Law is just unitary of those four constraints.Law regulates by sanctions imposed ex post fail to pay your taxes, and you be likely t o go to jail steal my car, and you be also likely to go to jail. Law is the crowing of regulators. provided it is just genius and completely(a) of four. Social norms argon a second. They also regulate. Social norms fancyings or expectations rough how I ought to be occupy, enforced not through some centralized norm enforcer, nevertheless rather through the understandings and expectations of just about e precise 1 within a particular community direct and constrain my behavior in a far wider array of contexts than either(prenominal) law.Norms say what clothes I go out wear a suit, not a dress they tell you to sit quietly, and politely, for at least 40 minutes fleck I speak they or- 2 Lessig The Laws of Cyber seat essentialer in April 3, 1998 ganize how we go a expressive style interact after this slop is over. Norms indicate behavior in this sense, they function as a second regulatory constraint. The market is a tercet constraint. It regulates by price. The marke t limits the tot up that I potentiometer spend on clothes or the amount I disregard strain from public vocabularyes it says I can command less for my writing than Madonna, or less from my singing than Pavarotti.Through the device of price, the market sets my opportunities, and through this range of opportunities, it regulates. And finally, there is the constraint of what some index scrub constitution, but which I insufficiency to call computer computer computer computer architecture. This is the constraint of the world as I dismantle out it, stock-still if this world as I find it is a world that differents fool made. That I cannot assist through that wall is a constraint on my faculty to know what is happening on the other side of the room. That there is no access-ramp to a library constrains the access of maven bound to a wheelchair.These constraints, in the sense I weigh about here, regulate. To understand a regulation then we must(prenominal) understand the tell of these four constraints operating together. Any one alone cannot represent the effect of the four together. *** This is the age of the cyber-libertarian. It is a time when a certain hype about lucre has caught on. The hype goes like this Cyber pose is unavoidable, and muchover lucre is unregulable. No solid ground can live without it, nevertheless no nation allow be able to mark behavior in it. Cyber quad is that place where individuals argon, inherently, free from the comprise of sincere(a) set sovereigns.It is, in the words of James Boyle, the great techno-gotcha nations of the world, you cant live with out it, but nations of the world, when youve got it, you wint live long with it. My blueprint today is a different view about mesh. My aim is to attack this hype. For in my view, the world we are entering is not a world of perpetual exemption or more precisely, the world we are entering is not a world where freedom is get wordd. lucre has the potential t o be the most fully, and extensively, regulated space that we sport ever kn take some(prenominal)where, at any time in our annals.It has the potential to be the antithesis of a space of freedom. And unless we understand this potential, unless we chitchat how this strength be, we are likely to sleep through this change from freedom into 3 Lessig The Laws of Cyberspace drawing off April 3, 1998 control. For that, in my view, is the transition we are follow throughing just now. Now I want to make this design by employ the two introductions that I began with today the story about Bolshevik Russia, and the idea about regulation. For they together ordain suggest where cyberspace is going, and more distinguishedly, just how we can expect cyberspace to get there.First the idea serious as in genuinely space, behavior in cyberspace is regulated by four sorts of constraints. Law is just one of those constraints. For the hype notwithstanding, there is law just now in cyberspace secure law, or defamation law, or sexual harassment law, all of which constrain behavior in cyberspace in the same personal manner that they constrain behavior in accepted space. on that register are also, by chance quite surprisingly, norms in cyberspace rules that govern behavior, and expose individuals to sanction from others.They too function in cyberspace as norms function in real space, nemesisening punishments ex post by a community. And so too with the market. The market constrains in cyberspace, just as in real space. Change the price of access, the constraints on access differ. Change the structure of pricing access, and the regulation of marginal access shifts dramatically as well. moreover for our purposes, the most significant of these four constraints on behavior in cyberspace is the analog to what I called architecture in real space This I pass on call work out.By law, I scarcely mean the software package and hardware that constitutes cyberspace as it i sthe set of protocols, the set of rules, implemented, or codified, in the software of cyberspace itself, that determine how people interact, or exist, in this space. This code, like architecture in real space, sets the terms upon which I enter, or exist in cyberspace. It, like architecture, is not optional. I dont choose whether to obey the structures that it establishes hackers might choose, but hackers are special. For the rest of us, disembodied spirit in cyberspace is subject to the code, just as life in real space is subject to the architectures of real space.The substance of the constraints of code in cyberspace vary. still how they are experienced does not vary. In some places, one must enter a password before one gains access in other places, one can enter whether identified or not. In some places, the transactions that one engages produce traces that link the transactions 4 Lessig The Laws of Cyberspace sketch April 3, 1998 back to the individual in other places, this link is achieved exactly if the individual chooses. In some places, one can select to speak a language that only the recipient can hear (through encryption) in other places, encryption is not an option.The leavings are naturalized by the code of these different places. The code or software or architecture or protocols of these spaces set these features they are features selected by code writers they constrain some behavior by making other behavior possible. And in this sense, they, like architecture in real space, regulate behavior in cyberspace. Code and market and norms and law together regulate in cyberspace then as architecture and market and norms and law regulate in real space. And my cite is that as with real space regulation, we should consider how these four constraints operate together.An sample a contrast mingled with a regulation in real space, and the same regulation in cyberspace will make the point more clearly. Think about the concern in my country (some migh t call it obsession) with the regulation of familiarity on the send away. This concern took off in the linked State early in 1995. Its source was an uncomparable rise in ordinary personars of the give the sack, and because a rise in use by electric s spend a pennyrs, and an even more extraordinary rise in the availability of what many call smut on the sort out. An extremely controversial (and fundamentally flawed) study published in the Georgetown University Law Review reported the moolah overflowing in porn.Time and Newsweek both ran cover stories articles about its availability. And senators and congressmen were bombarded with demands to do something to regulate cybersmut. No doubt the craziness at the time was great. and one might ask, why this fury was so great about porn in cyberspace. Certainly, more porn exists in real space than in cyberspace. So why the fury about access to porn in a place to which most kids dont stupefy access? To understand the why, think for a second about the same problem as it exists in real space. What regulates the distribution of porn in real space?First In America, laws in real space regulate the distribution of porn to kids laws requiring sellers of porn to check the age of 5 Lessig The Laws of Cyberspace Draft April 3, 1998 buyers, or laws requiring that sellers locate in a section of the city likely to be far from kids. solely laws are not the most significant of the constraints on the distribution of porn to kids. More essential than laws are norms. Norms constrain adults not to sell porn to kids. Even among porn distributors this restriction is relatively effective. And not just social norms.The market too, for porn costs money, and as kids have no money. hardly the most important real space constraint is what Ive called architecture. For all of these other regulations in real space be on this constraint of architecture. Laws and norms and market can discriminate against kinds in real space, since it i s hard in real space to hide that you are a kid. Of course, a kid can don a mustache, and do on stilts, and try to enter a porn shop to buy porn. besides for the most part, disguises will fail. For the most part, it will be too hard to hide that he is a kid.Thus, for the most part, constraints found on being a kid are constraints that can be effective. Cyberspace is different. For even if we take in that the same laws apply to cyberspace as to real space, and even if we assume that the constraints of norms and the market carried over as well, even so, there remains a deprecative difference between the two spaces. For while in real space it is hard to hide that you are a kid, in cyberspace, hiding who you are, or more precisely, hiding features about who you are is the simplest thing in the world. The default in cyberspace is anonymity.And because it is so roaring to hide who one is, it is practically impossible for the laws, and norms, to apply in cyberspace. For for these law s to apply, one has to know that it is a kid one is dealing with. tho the architecture of the space simply doesnt provide this information. Now the important point is to see the difference, and to identify its source. The difference is a difference in what I want to call the regulability of cyberspace the ability of semipolitical sympathiess to regulate behavior there. As it is just now, cyberspace is a less regulable space than real space. There is less that governance activity can do.The source of this difference in regulability is a difference in the architecture of the space a difference in the code that constitutes cyberspace as it is. Its architecture, my claim is, renders it essentially unregulable. 6 Lessig The Laws of Cyberspace Draft April 3, 1998 Or so it did in 1995, and in 1996, when the U. S. Congress finally got around to passing its attempt to deal with this problemthe Communications Decency Act. Im going to talk a bit about what happened to that statute, but I first want to mark this period, and set it off from where we are today.It was the architecture of cyberspace in 1995, and 1996 that made it essentially unregulable. Lets call that architecture Net 95 as in 1995 and here are its features So long as one had access to Net95, one could roam without identifying who one was. Net95 was Bolshevik Russia. Ones identity, or features, were invisible to the net then, so one could enter, and explore, without credentialswithout an internal passport. Access was unfold and universal, not conditioned upon credentials. It was, in a narrow sense of the term, an extraordinary democratic moment. Users were fundamentally equal.Essentially free. It was against this background against the background of the net as it was Net95 that the unconditional court then considered the Communications Decency Act. Two lower courts had struck the statute as a intrusion of the right to freedom of speech. And as millions watched as the court considered argumen ts on the case watched in cyberspace, as the arguments were reported, and debated, and critiqued. And in June, last year, the Court affirmed the finale of the lower courts, holding the statute un thorough. Just why it was unconstitutional isnt so important for our purposes here.What is important is the rhetoric that lead the court to its conclusion. For the decision hung crucially on claims about the architecture of the net as it was on the architecture, that is, of Net95. Given that architecture, the court concluded, any regulation that try to zone kids from porn would be a regulation that was too burdensome on speakers and listeners. As the net was, regulation would be too burdensome. But what was significant was that the court spoke as if this architecture of the net as it was Net 95 was the only architecture that the net could have.It spoke as if it had discovered the nature of the net, and was therefore deciding the nature of any possible regulation of the net. 7 Lessig T he Laws of Cyberspace Draft April 3, 1998 But the problem with all this, of course, is that the net has no nature. There is no single architecture that is essential to the nets design. Net95 is a set of features, or protocols, that constituted the net at one period of time. But nothing requires that these features, or protocols, always constitute the net as it always will be.And indeed, nothing in what weve seen in the last 2 years should lead us to think that it will. An example may make the point more simply. Before I was a professor at Harvard, I taught at the University of Chicago. If one wanted to gain access to the net at the university of Chicago, one simply connected ones machine to jacks located throughout the university. Any machine could be connected to those jacks, and once connected, any machine would then have full access to the internet. Access was nameless, and complete, and free. The reason for this freedom was a decision by the administration.For the Provost of t he University of Chicago is Geof Stone, a former dean of the University of Chicago Law School, and a prominent free speech scholar. When the University was designing its net, the technicians asked the provost whether anonymous communication should be permitted. The provost, citing a principle that the rules regulating speech at the university would be as protective of free speech as the first amendment, said yes One would have the right to communicate at the university anonymously, because the first amendment to the constitution would guarantee the same right vis-a-vis the regimen.From that insurance policy decision flowed the architectural design of the University of Chicagos net. At Harvard, the rules are different. One cannot connect ones machine to the net at Harvard unless ones machine is registered licensed, approved, verified. Only members of the university community can register their machine. Once registered, all interactions with the network are potentially monitored, and identified to a particular machine. Indeed, anonymous speech on this net is not permitted against the rule. Access can be controlled based on who soulfulness is and interaction can be traced, based on what individual did.The reason for this design is also collectable to the decision of an administrator though this time an administrator less focused on the protections of the first amendment. peremptory access is the ideal at Harvard facilitating access was the ideal at Chicago tech- 8 Lessig The Laws of Cyberspace Draft April 3, 1998 nologies that make control possible were therefore chosen at Harvard technologies that facilitate access chosen at Chicago. Now this difference between the two networks is quite common today. The network at the University of Chicago is the architecture of the internet in 1995.It is, again, Net95. But the architecture at Harvard is not an internet architecture. It is rather an intranet architecture. The difference is simply this that within an intranet, identity is sufficiently established much(prenominal) that access can be controlled, and usage monitored. The vestigial protocols are still TCP/IP meaning the fundamental or underlying protocols of the internet. But overlying on top of this fundamental protocol is a set of protocols facilitating control. The Harvard network is the internet plus, where the plus mean the power to control.These two architectures reflect two philosophies about access. They reflect two sets of principles, or values, about how speech should be controlled. They parallel, I want to argue, the difference between political regimes of freedom, and political regimes of control. They track the difference in ideology between West and East Germany between the United States and the former Soviet Republic between the Republic of China, and Mainland China. They stand for a difference between control and freedom and they manifest this difference through the architecture or design of code.These architect ures enable political values. They are in this sense political. Now I dont offer this example to criticize Harvard. Harvard is a private institution it is free, in a free society, to allocate its resources however it wishes. My point instead is simply to get you to see how architectures are many, and therefore how the choice of one is political. And how, at the level of a nation, architecture is inherently political. In the world of cyberspace, the option of an architecture is as important as the choice of a constitution.For in a fundamental sense, the code of cyberspace is its constitution. It sets the terms upon which people get access it sets the rules it controls their behavior. In this sense, it is its own sovereignty. An alternative sovereignty, competing with real space sovereigns, in the regulation of behavior by real space citizens. But the United States Supreme Court treated the question of architecture as if the architecture of this space were given. It spoke as if there were only one design for cyberspace the design it had. 9 Lessig The Laws of CyberspaceDraft April 3, 1998 In this, the Supreme Court is not alone. For in my view, the single greatest error of theorists of cyberspace of pundits, and especially lawyers thinking about regulation in this space is this error of the Supreme Court. It is the error of naturalism as applied to cyberspace. It is the error of thinking that the architecture as we have it is an architecture that we will always have that the space will guarantee us liberty, or freedom that it will of necessity disable governances that want control. This view is profoundly mistaken.Profoundly mistaken because while we discover the inherent freedom of the net, the architecture of the net is changing from under us. The architecture is shifting from an architecture of freedom to an architecture of control. It is shifting already without governments intervention, though government is quickly coming to see just how it might inter vene to speed it. And where government is now intervening, it is intervening in a way designed to change this very same architecture to change it into an architecture of control, to make it, as Ive said, more regulable.While pundits promise perpetual freedom built into the very architecture of the net itself, technicians and politicians are work together to change that architecture, to move it away from this architecture of freedom. As theorists of this space, we must come to understand this change. We must recognize the political consequences of this change. And we must take responsibility for these consequences. For the trajectory of the change is unmistakable, and the fruit of this trajectory, poison. As constitutionalists, we must then confront a fundamentally constitutional uestion if there is a choice between architectures of control and architectures of freedom, then how do we decide these constitutional questions? If architectures are many, then does the constitution itsel f guide us in the selection of such architectures? In my view, constitutional values do implicate the architecture of this space. In my view, constitutional values should guide us in our design of this space. And in my view, constitutional values should limit the types of regulability that this architecture permits. But my view is absent in thinking about governments role in cyberspace.Indeed, my nation for many years the symbol of freedom in world where such freedom was ancient has become a leader in pushing the architecture of the internet from an archi- 10 Lessig The Laws of Cyberspace Draft April 3, 1998 tecture of freedom to an architecture of control. From an architecture, that is, that embraced the traditions of freedom expressed in our constitutional past, to an architecture that is fundamentally anathema to those traditions. But how? How can the government make these changes? How could the government effect this control? Many cant see how government could effect this con trol.So in the few minutes remaining in my talk today, I want show you how. I want to sketch for you a path from where we are to where I fear we are going. I want you to see how these changes are possible and how government can help make them permanent. overstep then with me to the idea that began this essay the point about the different modalities of constraint and notice something important about that idea that we have not so far remarked. I said at the start that we should think of law as just one of four modalities of constraint that we should think of it as just one part of the structure of constraint that might be said to regulate.One might take that to be an argument about laws insignificance. If so many forces other than law regulate, this might suggest that law itself can do relatively little. But notice what should be obvious. In the model I have depict law is regulating by direct regulation regulating an individual through the threat of punishment. But law regulates in other ways as well. It regulates, that is, indirectly as well as directly. And it regulates indirectly when it regulates these other modalities of constraint, so that they regulate differently.It can, that is, regulate norms, so norms regulate differently it can regulate the market, so that the market regulates differently and it can regulate architecture, so that architecture regulates differently. In each case, the government can coopt the other structures, so that they constrain to the governments end. The same indirection is possible in cyberspace. But here, I suggest, the indirection will be even more significant. For here the government can not only regulate indirectly to advance a particular substantive end of the government. More significantly, the government can regulate to change the very regulability of the space.The government, that is, can regulate the architectures of cyberspace, so that behavior in cyberspace becomes more regulable 11 Lessig The Laws of Cyberspace Draft April 3, 1998 indeed, to an architecture potentially more regulable than anything we have known in the history of modern government. Two examples will make the point one an example of the government regulating to a particular substantive end, and the second, following from the first, an example of the government regulating to increase regulability. The first is the regulation of encryption.The governments concern with encryption has been with the technologys use in protecting privacy its ability to hide the content of communications from the eyes of an eavesdropping third party, whether that third party is the government, or a nosey neighbor. For much of the history of the technology, the American government has heavily regulated the technology for a time it exist to ban its use it has consistently banned its export (as if only Americans understand higher order mathematics) and for a period it hoped to flood the market with a standard encryption technology that would leav e a backdoor open for the government to enter.The most recent proposals are the most significant. Last November, the FBI proposed a law that would require manufacturers to assure that any encryption system have built within it either a key recovery ability, or an equivalent back door, so that government agents could, if they need, get access to the content of such communications. This is governments regulation of code, indirectly to regulate behavior. It is indirect regulation in the sense that I depictd before, and from a constitutional perspective it is brilliant.Not brilliant because its ends are tidy brilliant because the American constitution, at least, offers very little control over government regulation like this. The American constitution offers little protections against the governments regulation of telephone line and given the interests of business, such regulations are likely to be effective. My second example follows from the first. For a second use of encryption is identification as well as hiding what individual says, encryption, through digital certificates, can be used to authenticate who some it.With the ability to authenticate who someone is, the government could tell where someone comes from, or how old they are. And with this ability through certifying IDs passports on the information state highway governments could far more easily regulate behavior on this highway. 12 Lessig The Laws of Cyberspace Draft April 3, 1998 It would act the power to control behavior recreate the power to regulate. Note what both regulations would achieve. Since the US is the largest market for internet products, no product could hope to succeed unless it were successful in the United States.Thus standards successfully imposed in the US becomes standards for the world. And these standards in particular would first facilitate regulation, and second, assure that communications on the internet could be broken into by any government that followed the pr ocedures outlined in the bill. But the standards that those government would have to learn are not the standards of the US constitution. They are whatever standard local government happen to have whether that government be the government of Mainland China, or Switzerland.The effect is that the United States government would be exporting an architecture that facilitates control, and control not just by other democratic governments, but by any government, however repressive. And by this, the US would move itself from a symbol of freedom, to a peddler of control. Having won the cold war, we would be pushing the techniques of our cold war enemies. *** How should we respond? How should you as sovereigns independent of the influence of any foreign government and we, as liberal constitutionalists respond?How should we respond to moves by a dominant political and economic power to influence the architecture of the dominant architecture of regulation by code the internet? Sovereigns mus t come to see this That the code of cyberspace is itself a kind of sovereign. It is a competing sovereign. The code is itself a force that imposes its own rules on people who are there, but the people who are there are also the people who are here citizens of the Republic of China, citizens of France, citizens of every nation in the world. The code regulates them, yet they are by right subject to the regulation of local sovereigns.The code thus competes with the regulatory power of local sovereigns. It competes with the political choices made by local sovereigns. And in this competition, as the net becomes a dominant place for business and social life, it will displace the regulations of local sovereigns. You as sovereigns were afraid of the competing influence of na- 13 Lessig The Laws of Cyberspace Draft April 3, 1998 tions. Yet a bare-ass nation is now wired into your telephones, and its influence over your citizens is growing. You, as sovereigns, will come to recognize this co mpetition. And you should come to recognize and question the special ole that the United States is playing in this competition. By virtue of the distribution of resources controlling the architecture of the net, the United States has a unique power over influencing the outgrowth of that architecture. It is as the law of nature were being written, with the United States at the authors side. This power creates an important responsibility for the United States and you must assure that it exercises its power responsibly. The problem for constitutionalists those concerned to preserve social and political liberties in this new space is more difficult.For return to the story that began this talk the world of internal passports. One way to understand the story Ive told today about cyberspace is in line with this story about the Tsars Russia. The birth of the net was the revolution itself life under Net95 was life in Bolshevik Russia (the good parts at least, where internal passports we re eliminated) the Net as it is becoming is Stalins Russia, where internal passports will again be required. Now theres a grass to that story a rhetorical cheat that tends to obscure an important fact about real space life.For we all live in the world of internal passports. In the United States, in many places, one cannot live without a car one cant drive a car without a license a license is an internal passport It says who you are, where you come from, how old you are, whether youve recently been convicted of a crime it links your identity to a database that will reveal whether youve been arrested (whether convicted or not) or whether any warrants for your arrest in any jurisdiction in the nation are outstanding. The license is the internal passport of the modern American state.And no doubt its ability to control or identify is far better than the Tsars Russia. But in the United States at least for those who dont appear to be immigrants, or a disfavored minority the burden of t hese passports is slight. The will to regulate, to monitor, to track, is not strong enough in the United States to support any systematic effort to use these passports to control behavior. And the will is not strong enough because the cost of such control is so great. There are not checkpoints at each corner one isnt required to register 14Lessig The Laws of Cyberspace Draft April 3, 1998 when moving through a city one can walk relatively anonymously around most of the time. Technologies of control are possible, but in the main far too costly. And this invaluableness is, in large part, the source of great freedom. It is inefficiency in real space technologies of control that yield real space liberty. But what if the cost of control drops dramatically. What if an architecture emerges that permits constant monitoring an architecture that facilitates the constant tracking of behavior and movement.What if an architecture emerged that would costlessly collect data about individuals, ab out their behavior, about who they wanted to become. And what if the architecture could do that invisibly, without interfering with an individuals daily life at all? This architecture is the world that the net is becoming. This is the picture of control it is growing into. As in real space, we will have passports in cyberspace. As in real space, these passports can be used to track our behavior. But in cyberspace, unlike realspace, this monitoring, this tracking, this control of behavior, will all be much less expensive.This control will occur in the background, effectively and invisibly. Now to describe this change is not to say whether it is for the good or bad. Indeed, I suggest that as constitutionalists, we must recognise a fundamental ambiguity in our present political judgments about liberty and control. I our peoples are divided in their reaction to this picture of a system of control at once perfect, and yet invisible. Many would say of this system wonderful. All the bett er to trap the guilty, with little burden on the innocent. But there are many as well who would say of this system awful.That while professing our ideals of liberty and freedom from government, we would have established a system of control far more effective than any in history before. So the reply to all this is not necessarily to give up the technologies of control. The response is not to insist that Net95 be the perpetual architecture of the net. The response instead is to find a way to translate what is salient and important about present day liberties and constitutional democracy into this architecture of the net. The point is to be critical of the power of this sovereignthis emerging sovereignas we are properly critical of the power of any sovereign.What are these limits As government takes control or influences the architecture of the code of the net, at a minimum, we 15 Lessig The Laws of Cyberspace Draft April 3, 1998 must assure that government does not get a monopoly on these technologies of control. We must assure that the sorts of checks that we build into any constitutional democracy get built into regulation by this constitution the code. We must assure that the constraints of any constitutional democracy the limits on efficiency constituted by Bills of Rights, and systems of checks and balances get built into regulation by code.These limits are the bugs in the code of a constitutional democracy and as John Perry Barlow says, we must build these bugs into the code of cyberspace. We must build them in so that they, by their inefficiency, might recreate some of the protections we have long known. *** Cyberspace is regulated ? by laws, but not just by law. The code of cyberspace is one of these laws. We must come to see how this code is an emerging sovereign omnipresent, omnipotent, gentle, efficient, growing and that we must develop against this sovereign the limits that we have developed against real space sovereigns.Sovereigns will alway s say real space as well as cyberspace that limits, and inefficiencies bugs are not necessary. But things move too quickly for such confidence. My fear is not just that against this sovereign, we have not yet developed a language of liberty. Nor that we havent the time to develop such language. But my fear is that we sustain the will the will of free societies for the past two centuries, to architect constitutions to protect freedom, efficiencies notwithstanding. 16